HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS TO THE DEVICE,
OPERATION AND QUALITY OF WATER OF SWIMMING POOLS
At an estimation of a degree of risk to health of the person the most important role is played with microbiological pollution of water. Researches have shown, that danger of diseases from microbiological pollution of water in thousand times above (up to 100 000 times), than at pollution of water by dangerous chemical combinations.
Receipt in a swimming pool of microbes and pathogenic bacteria occurs owing to poor quality of processing of water at stations of the centralized water-preparation. Pollution of basin also occurs from visitors during operation.
Water of poor quality can cause a number of illnesses presented in table 1, especially if the head of the swimmer is often dipped.
Table 1. Diseases of the infectious nature which can be transferred through water of swimming pools
|
Diseases |
The Degree of communication with the aqueous factor |
|
1. Adenoviral pharingo-conjunctival a fever |
High |
|
2. An epidermophitia (« an itch of swimmers ») |
High |
|
3. Virus hepatites A |
Essential |
|
4. Koksaki an infection |
Essential |
|
5. A dysentery |
Essential |
|
6. Otitises, sinusites, tonsillitises, conjunctivitises |
Essential |
|
7. A tuberculosis of a skin |
Essential |
|
8. Fungic diseases of a skin |
Essential |
|
9. Legionellez |
Essential |
|
10. An enterobiosis |
Essential |
|
11. A lambliasis |
Essential |
|
12. A cryptosporidiosis |
Essential |
For exception of probability of occurrence of flashes of infectious diseases water of basin it is necessary to subject disinfection.
In a world practice, for a problem of disinfection of water of basins, the wide spread occurance was obtained with electrolytic sodium hypochlorite.
The electrochemical way of reception of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is based on electrolysis of water solution of chloride of sodium (NaCl) in an electrolytic cell.
According to recommendations of standards of the various countries residual concentration in water of a swimming pool not should to exceed active chlorine 3 mg/liters (table 2).
Table 2.
|
|
UKa |
ECb |
USAC |
Germanye |
Italye |
Russiaf |
|
active chlorine |
1-2 |
1-3 |
1-3 |
0.3-0.6 |
0.6-1.2 |
0.3-0.5 |
a PWTAG (1999).
b Recommended European Community values; PWTAG (1999).
c American National Standards Institute (1991).
d Deutsches Institut fur Normung (1997).
e Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana (1992).
f ÑàíÏèÍ 2.1.2.1188-03 (2003).
In figure 1 of 10 kg installation of reception of electrolytic sodium hypochlorite by productivity of sodium hypochlorite is presented to an hour.
Operational expenses (reagents and an electricity), on disinfection of water of a swimming pool in volume 2000 ì3, make from 5000 up to 15000 HUF day, depending on quality of initial water, quantity of visitors of basin and character of a swimming pool (on open air or in).
Fig. 1 Installation of reception of sodium hypochlorite
